Trends & Technology Collection

Horticulture | Apr 17, 2024
Horticulture LEDs to Boost Vertical Farming Efficiency
Horticulture LEDs to Boost Vertical Farming Efficiency With the growing world population and global warming, arable land and fresh water are becoming increasingly scarce {C1}. Many new approaches will be needed in agriculture. One of these is Controlled Environmental Agriculture (CEA). Würth Elektronik offers Horticulture LEDs and promotes the use of plant- and growth-specific light recipes. Engineers at the company have thought about how the control of a CEA could be realized as an IoT application. Read more »
LpR | Business | Nov 27, 2023
Luger Research e.U. Celebrates 100th Edition of LED Professional Review Edition and Hosts Summit
Luger Research e.U. Celebrates 100th Edition of LED Professional Review Edition and Hosts Summit Luger Research e.U. – Institute for Innovation & Technology, a leading media, event, and research company in the lighting sector, is celebrating a significant milestone with the publication of the 100th edition of its specialist authoritative magazine, LED professional Review. In addition, the company is organizing an advantageous lighting event on December 7. Read more »
Instrument Systems | Goniophotometers | Featured | Automotive | Sep 06, 2023
Optical Testing of Curved Displays
Optical Testing of Curved Displays Instrument Systems presents its latest goniometers of the DMS series: the fully automated 7-axis DMS 904 goniometer was designed specifically for the optical characterization of large and curved displays. Read more »
ams OSRAM | Financial Report | Business | Jul 31, 2023
ams OSRAM Unveils Profit-Driven Strategy and Q2 2023 Financial Performance Amid Portfolio Restructuring
ams OSRAM Unveils Profit-Driven Strategy and Q2 2023 Financial Performance Amid Portfolio Restructuring The released document is the financial report from ams OSRAM for the second quarter of 2023. The company has announced a strategic realignment towards profitability and structural growth. The future portfolio will focus on differentiated, intelligent sensors and emitters, with an increased commitment towards the Automotive, Industrial, and Medical markets. The company will exit non-core semiconductor businesses with a revenue run-rate of EUR 300 to 400 million. Read more »
LightingEurope | Sustainability | Business | Jul 12, 2022
How the EU’s Many Sustainability Initiatives Will Impact the Lighting Industry
How the EU’s Many Sustainability Initiatives Will Impact the Lighting Industry If you think the lighting industry is subject to a lot of regulation now, to paraphrase a classic rock song, ‘you ain’t seen nothing yet’. In March of this year, the European Commission adopted a proposal for a comprehensive new legislative package called the Sustainable Products Initiative (SPI). Part of the Commission’s flagship Green Deal, the SPI essentially aims to ensure that only the most sustainable products are sold in Europe. Read more »
Business News | Event News | GZ Int. Lighting Exhibition | Nov 04, 2020
Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition 2020 Closes, Celebrating 25 Year Anniversary
Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition 2020 Closes, Celebrating 25 Year Anniversary Concluding on 13 October, Guangzhou International Lighting Exhibition reached a milestone of 25 years as a leading industry platform. From 96 exhibitors at its debut in 1996, to a total of 2,028 at this year's edition, the growth and achievements of the past quarter of a century are to be celebrated. Once again, the fair was held concurrently with Guangzhou Electrical Building Technology (GEBT) and together, the two fairs attracted over 140,000 visitors to the heart of China's manufacturing hub. As industry professionals gathered to showcase the latest lighting products and solutions, the show provided a platform to assist businesses to rebound, reconnect and regain momentum. Read more »
Resources | Reports | Automotive | Dec 19, 2019
Yole Identifies Automotive Lighting Being a Building Block of Autonomous Driving
Yole Identifies Automotive Lighting Being a Building Block of Autonomous Driving The automotive lighting market is booming. Yole Développement (Yole) announces a US$29 billion market in 2018. According to the market research and strategy consulting company, the automotive lighting sector should reach US$38.8 billion in 2024, at a 4.9% CAGR between 2018 and 2024. The digitalization of cars is a megatrend in the automotive industry, moving towards electric and autonomous vehicles. The developments related to this trend facilitate new approaches in safety, comfort, and information services. Exterior lighting is gaining significance because automated driving advancements have illustrated the importance of communication between all road users. Read more »
Resources | Standardization | CIE | Non-Visual Lighting Effects | HCL | Oct 10, 2019
CIE Position Statement on Non-Visual Effects of Light - 2nd Edition
CIE Position Statement on Non-Visual Effects of Light - 2nd Edition On October 3rd, CIE released their new position statement on non-visual effects of light, entitled "Recommending Proper Light at the Proper Time" 2nd edition. As non-visual effects are becoming more attention nowadays, confusion and uncertainties on this topic are still high in the lighting community. Much research has been done but even more research is necessary. CIE has recognized this relevant topic and already initiated an independent workshop of leading scientists in the field of quantifying light for non-visual effects in Manchester in 2013 (CIE TN 003:2015 (CIE 2015)). The CIE issued an international standard, CIE S 026:2018 (2018), that defines a system for metrology of optical radiation for light-induced responses that can be elicited by ipRGCs (ipRGC-influenced light (IIL) responses). Read more »
Resources | Reports | Roadmap | Micro-LEDs | Displays | Oct 04, 2019
Yole Releases Report on MicroLEDs: Satus and Reality Check
Yole Releases Report on MicroLEDs: Satus and Reality Check MicroLEDs are drawing an increasing amount of attention. Startups have raised more than US$800 million to date, including at least US$100 million in 2019. It is estimated Apple has spent in the range of US$1.5 to US$2 billions on the technology over the last five years. Panel makers such as Samsung Display, LG Display, AUO or Innolux have also significantly increased their efforts. Under this dynamic context, Yole Développement (Yole) is continuing its investigations towards microLED technologies and related applications. Read more »
Resources | LpR Article | Research | Thermal Management | Sep 17, 2019
Thermal and Optical Challenges for SSL in Automotive Applications
Thermal and Optical Challenges for SSL in Automotive Applications LpR 72 Article, page 50: Solid State Lighting changed the lighting environment in automotive lighting almost more than in the field of general lighting. While efficiency of the devices increased and every few weeks new improvements are reported, thermal management remains crucial and a critical part of the system. Umut Zeynep Uras, Ahmet Mete Muslu and Mehmet Arik, from the Energy Efficient Electronics and Lighting Technologies Center (EVATEG), Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering at Ozyegin University, and Fatih Goren from the FARBA Corporation, explain the dependencies between photometric, electrical and thermal parameters of an automotive lighting application. Read more »
Aug 29, 2019
LpR_75_955906.pdf
Interview: Wilfried Kramb Research: IR Thermography & Micro Optics Technologies: EMI Reduction & Thin LED Modules Special Topic: Circular Economy COMMENTARY Providing Better Light Should Still be the Focus of the SSL Industry by J. Norman Bardsley, PhD, Bardsley Consulting (p 08) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Wilfried Kramb, Interior & Lighting Designer, a∙g Licht compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 32) RESEARCH Temperature Profiling of Secondary LED Optics by Infrared Thermography by Peter W. Nolte et al., South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Fraunhofer Application Center for Inorganic Phosphors & TRILUX (p 38) On Life Cycle Assessment to Quantify the Environmental Impact of Lighting Products by V. Ferreira, D. Wolff, & C. Corchero,Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) (p 44) Design and Tolerancing of Freeform Microlens Arrays for Solid-State Lighting by Oscar Fernándezet al., CSEM (p 58) TECHNOLOGIES Spread Spectrum Frequency Modulation Reduces EMI by Greg Zimmer & Kevin Scott, Analog Devices (p 64) 12 Years of Progress in Manufacturing White LEDs by Rob Alferink, PicusLED & Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional (p 70) APPLICATIONS Inspiration from a Parallel Universe: Reviving the Vision of OLED by Matt Hanbury, Lightly Technologies (p 76) Lighting the Way to Greater Well-Being by Makoto Ogawara & Giovanni Vecchio, Nichia (p 82) SPECIAL TOPICS The Adverse Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution: LEDs' Role in Mitigation by Dr. C. J. Macgregor & Dr. D. M. Evans, University of York & Newcastle University (p 86) Read more »
Aug 29, 2019
LpR_75_Full_237650.pdf
Interview: Wilfried Kramb Research: IR Thermography & Micro Optics Technologies: EMI Reduction & Thin LED Modules Special Topic: Circular Economy COMMENTARY Providing Better Light Should Still be the Focus of the SSL Industry by J. Norman Bardsley, PhD, Bardsley Consulting (p 08) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Wilfried Kramb, Interior & Lighting Designer, a∙g Licht compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 32) RESEARCH Temperature Profiling of Secondary LED Optics by Infrared Thermography by Peter W. Nolte et al., South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, Fraunhofer Application Center for Inorganic Phosphors & TRILUX (p 38) On Life Cycle Assessment to Quantify the Environmental Impact of Lighting Products by V. Ferreira, D. Wolff, & C. Corchero,Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC) (p 44) Design and Tolerancing of Freeform Microlens Arrays for Solid-State Lighting by Oscar Fernándezet al., CSEM (p 58) TECHNOLOGIES Spread Spectrum Frequency Modulation Reduces EMI by Greg Zimmer & Kevin Scott, Analog Devices (p 64) 12 Years of Progress in Manufacturing White LEDs by Rob Alferink, PicusLED & Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional (p 70) APPLICATIONS Inspiration from a Parallel Universe: Reviving the Vision of OLED by Matt Hanbury, Lightly Technologies (p 76) Lighting the Way to Greater Well-Being by Makoto Ogawara & Giovanni Vecchio, Nichia (p 82) SPECIAL TOPICS The Adverse Ecological Impacts of Light Pollution: LEDs' Role in Mitigation by Dr. C. J. Macgregor & Dr. D. M. Evans, University of York & Newcastle University (p 86) Read more »
Resources | LpR Article | Research | Health | Medical | Human Centric Lighting | May 16, 2019
Implications for Human-Centric Lighting Design in Tropical Nursing Homes: A Pilot Study
Implications for Human-Centric Lighting Design in Tropical Nursing Homes: A Pilot Study Light synchronizes our physiological and psychological rhythms to the 24-hour rhythm of the ambient changes. For the elderly, adequate environments to compensate for increasing frailty and sensory loss are crucial. Dr. Szu-Cheng Chien, Assistant Professor at the Singapore Institute of Technology reports from a pilot study that aimed to explore HCL design strategies in nursing homes in Singapore. Pre-/post implementation user surveys and quantitative evaluations were conducted. Read more »
Research Reports | Resources | Smart Lighting + IoT | OpenAIS | LpR Article | Mar 28, 2019
User Evaluation of the OpenAIS Pilot Installation
User Evaluation of the OpenAIS Pilot Installation The OpenAIS project (2015-2018) has developed an open IoT lighting solution to enable a wider community to deliver the smartness of light, allowing easy adaptability to cater for the diversity of people and demands. The project is a cooperation between seven leading companies in the European industry and two academic partners: Signify, Zumtobel, Tridonic, Johnson Controls, Dynniq Belgium, NXP, ARM, Eindhoven University of Technology. Thomas van de Werff, Harm van Essen and Berry Eggen from the Eindhoven University of Technology describe the evaluation results of the pilot installation in a real office building in Eindhoven (The Netherlands), a former Philips factory. Read more »
Resources | Standardization | CIE | Health | Mar 28, 2019
CIE Considers the "Good and Bad" of Light
CIE Considers the "Good and Bad" of Light Light, and the wider optical radiation spectrum (ultraviolet and infrared radiation), provides us with many benefits. However, too much may be harmful and too little may mean we cannot carry out our daily activities, or may indeed compromise our well-being. Division 6 of CIE, Photobiology and Photochemistry, is responsible for developing action spectra for the effects of optical radiation on people, as well as flora and fauna. John O'Hagan, Luke Price and Luc Schlangen, respectively, Division 6 director, Division 6 secretary and chair of the Joint Technical Committee (JTC) 9, explain the work done to determine the balance between risk and benefit from exposure to optical radiation. Read more »
Resources | LpR Article | Research | Environment | Mar 26, 2019
When Nights Are No Longer Dark: Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Agroecosystems
When Nights Are No Longer Dark: Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Agroecosystems In recent decades, artificial lighting has become an integral part of the modern world. While the use of artificial light at night (ALAN) greatly benefits people, it often has unintended, negative consequences for wildlife and ecosystems. In particular, the increasing use of LED lighting raises ecological concerns due to its high content of blue light, to which many organisms are sensitive. Dr. Maja Grubisic, Researcher at the Leibniz-Institute and Guest Lecturer at Free University Berlin discusses how ALAN can directly and indirectly influence agroecosystems, with potential consequences for food production and biodiversity. Given the current lack of integrative studies on this important topic, the better understanding of effects of ALAN in agroecosystems is urgently needed. Read more »
Resources | LpR Article | Research | Health | Medical | Human Centric Lighting | Mar 26, 2019
Lighting and Emergency Dept. Clinician Wellness and Performance Improvement
Lighting and Emergency Dept. Clinician Wellness and Performance Improvement LpR 70 Article, page 38: Short wavelength ("blue") light is known for its strong impact on humans covering "visual" function, wellness and performance of humans. Lighting has been recognized to have an effect on clinician wellness and performance as well as the occurence of medical errors. In a pilot study, Octavio L. Perez, Ph.D, WELL Accredited Professional and Adjunct Researcher at the Department of Population Health Science and Policy, and his team of scientists and physicians, Christopher Strother, Richard Vincent, Barbara Rabin and Harold S. Kaplan, from the Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, systematically investigated if and how a radically new lighting concept could improve wellness and performance in an emergency department. Read more »
Health + Environment | Outdoor Applications | Resources | Tech-Talks Bregenz | Mar 25, 2019
Tech-Talks BREGENZ - Dr. Maja Grubisic, Researcher, Free University Berlin & Leibniz-Institute
Tech-Talks BREGENZ - Dr. Maja Grubisic, Researcher, Free University Berlin & Leibniz-Institute Awareness of the ecological impact of technologies is becoming more important since climate change due to industrialization cannot be denied. LED lighting is one of the technologies that is deemed as a contributor in helping to reduce the impact caused by wasted energy. Unfortunately, light pollution, due to inefficient energy usage, is not the only problem. Besides the more recognized pollution from pesticides and chemical pollutants, light pollution also disturbs ecology and wildlife. Dr. Grubisic, Researcher at the Free University Berlin & Leibniz-Institute, has been working on this problem for more than five years now. She has written an article, also in this issue, concerning this. At the LED professional Symposium she was also good enough to grant this interview, providing some background information, explaining why light pollution is such an issue in biology and why this topic should be of concern to all of us. Read more »
Resources | LpR Article | Technologies | Horticulture | UV | Oct 19, 2018
UV LED Technology for Emerging Applications in Agriculture
UV LED Technology for Emerging Applications in Agriculture The Ultraviolet (UV) LED market has expanded five-fold in the past decade and is projected to grow to over $1 billion by 2025. A key trend expected to influence the market is the ability to expand into new applications, including agriculture. UV light, at proper frequency and dose, can increase the production of active substances in medicinal and traditional plants and it can also help maintain a healthy growing environment. But to fully take advantage of UV LEDs, some major re-design considerations are required. Terrance Berland, CEO of the Violet Defense Group, the parent company of Violet Gro, will explain which considerations these are; for instance, why it is crucial to incorporate the appropriate lens material. Read more »
Research Reports | Smart Lighting + IoT | Resources | LpR Article | Oct 19, 2018
Challenges of the Integration of Lighting Systems and Components in IoT
Challenges of the Integration of Lighting Systems and Components in IoT LpR 68 Article, page 50: Following the rapid penetration of LEDs, lighting is now becoming integrated into the Internet of Things. Over the past three years a consortium of leading European companies worked on the OpenAIS project, which was partly funded by the EU within the Horizon 2020 program, and now showing the results working at a full size demonstrator. In this follow up article to the introduction article of LpR 67, Ben Pronk, System Architect at Signify, and Stefan Verbrugh, Project Manager at Signify and Work Package leader in OpenAIS give deeper insight into the project. They explain the lighting specific challenges, describe the generic challenges for IP controlled lighting and present the approach to these challenges. They conclude by summarizing the findings from the pilot. Read more »
Aug 31, 2018
LpR69_Full_003272.pdf
Tech-Talks Bregenz: Guido van Tartwijk Research: Micro-Optics & Medical Devices Engineering & Technology: Data, Optics, IoT & Cooling Events: LpS & TiL Planning and Program COMMENTARY A New Lighting Scene by Rogier van der Heide, Curator of Trends in Lighting 2018 (p 08) EVENTS Planning Your LpS 2018 Is Easy with Our Simple Program Chart and Event App by Bronwen Rolls, Trends in Lighting (p 34) LpS&TiL 2018 EVENT PROGRAM (p 36) ORGANIZATION SPECIALS Zhaga Enables Mechanical IoT-Upgradability for Outdoor LED Lighting Fixtures by Dee Denteneer, Zhaga (p 42) Evaluating Performance of LED based Luminaires by Various Experts from LightingEurope (p 48) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Guido van Tartwijk, CEO of Tridonic compiled by Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 56) RESEARCH Smart Design of Freeform Micro-Optical Elements for Thin Direct-Lit Luminaires by Christian Sommer et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft (p 64) Optical Designs to Improve LED Lighting Efficiency of Medical Endoscopes by Alexander Gaertner & Paola Belloni, University Furtwangen (p 70) ENGINEERING Rethinking the Photometric Data File Format by P. Eng. (Ret ) Ian Ashdown, SunTracker Technologies (p 76) Additive Optics Design and Fabrication for Smart Lighting Systems and Tailored Project Solutions by Marco de Visser et al., Luximprint & Physionary (p 82) TECHNOLOGY Qualified Bluetooth Mesh – Making Lighting Controls Future-Proof by Patrick Durand, Future Lighting Solutions (p 88) Materials, Manufacturing and Technologies for Designing Passive Cooling Devices by John Broadbent, Columbia-Staver (p 94) APPLICATIONS Interactive Lighting Control is Opening New Doors for LED Application by Manjinder Benning, Limbic Media (p 98) TRENDS Approaching the Spectrum of the Sun by Marc Juarez, Seoul Semiconductor (p 104) Read more »
Aug 31, 2018
LpR69_813345.pdf
Tech-Talks Bregenz: Guido van Tartwijk Research: Micro-Optics & Medical Devices Engineering & Technology: Data, Optics, IoT & Cooling Events: LpS & TiL Planning and Program COMMENTARY A New Lighting Scene by Rogier van der Heide, Curator of Trends in Lighting 2018 (p 08) EVENTS Planning Your LpS 2018 Is Easy with Our Simple Program Chart and Event App by Bronwen Rolls, Trends in Lighting (p 34) LpS&TiL 2018 EVENT PROGRAM (p 36) ORGANIZATION SPECIALS Zhaga Enables Mechanical IoT-Upgradability for Outdoor LED Lighting Fixtures by Dee Denteneer, Zhaga (p 42) Evaluating Performance of LED based Luminaires by Various Experts from LightingEurope (p 48) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Guido van Tartwijk, CEO of Tridonic compiled by Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 56) RESEARCH Smart Design of Freeform Micro-Optical Elements for Thin Direct-Lit Luminaires by Christian Sommer et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft (p 64) Optical Designs to Improve LED Lighting Efficiency of Medical Endoscopes by Alexander Gaertner & Paola Belloni, University Furtwangen (p 70) ENGINEERING Rethinking the Photometric Data File Format by P. Eng. (Ret ) Ian Ashdown, SunTracker Technologies (p 76) Additive Optics Design and Fabrication for Smart Lighting Systems and Tailored Project Solutions by Marco de Visser et al., Luximprint & Physionary (p 82) TECHNOLOGY Qualified Bluetooth Mesh – Making Lighting Controls Future-Proof by Patrick Durand, Future Lighting Solutions (p 88) Materials, Manufacturing and Technologies for Designing Passive Cooling Devices by John Broadbent, Columbia-Staver (p 94) APPLICATIONS Interactive Lighting Control is Opening New Doors for LED Application by Manjinder Benning, Limbic Media (p 98) TRENDS Approaching the Spectrum of the Sun by Marc Juarez, Seoul Semiconductor (p 104) Read more »
Jul 09, 2018
LpR68_Full_334412.pdf
COMMENTARY UV-Light for Plant Development by Marvin Boell, TUV SUD Asia Pacific (p 08) EVENTS LpS Aims to Prepare Its Delegates for the Digital Future by Siegfried Luger, LED professional (p 28) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Rico Kramer, Inventor, esave ag compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 30) RESEARCH A Study on Aerosol Jet Printing in LED Module Manufacturing by Dr. Paul Hartmann et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft (p 38) Laser Technology for Lighting Applications: A Review and Analysis of a Promising Technology by Nicola Trivellin et al., University of Padova (p 44) RESEARCH REPORTS Challenges of the Integration of Lighting Systems and Components in IoT by B. Pronk & S. Verbrugh, Signify & OpenAIS (p 50) TECHNOLOGIES UV LED Technology for Emerging Applications in Agriculture by Terrance Berland, Violet Defense Group (p 56) APPLICATIONS Smart Lighting and HCL in Office Applications by Timo Pakkala, Casambi (p 62) SPECIAL TOPIC Intelligent Lighting - A Case of Diminishing Returns? by Matthias Kassner, EnOcean (p 68) Read more »
Jul 09, 2018
LpR68_744081.pdf
COMMENTARY UV-Light for Plant Development by Marvin Boell, TUV SUD Asia Pacific (p 08) EVENTS LpS Aims to Prepare Its Delegates for the Digital Future by Siegfried Luger, LED professional (p 28) TECH-TALKS BREGENZ Rico Kramer, Inventor, esave ag compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 30) RESEARCH A Study on Aerosol Jet Printing in LED Module Manufacturing by Dr. Paul Hartmann et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft (p 38) Laser Technology for Lighting Applications: A Review and Analysis of a Promising Technology by Nicola Trivellin et al., University of Padova (p 44) RESEARCH REPORTS Challenges of the Integration of Lighting Systems and Components in IoT by B. Pronk & S. Verbrugh, Signify & OpenAIS (p 50) TECHNOLOGIES UV LED Technology for Emerging Applications in Agriculture by Terrance Berland, Violet Defense Group (p 56) APPLICATIONS Smart Lighting and HCL in Office Applications by Timo Pakkala, Casambi (p 62) SPECIAL TOPIC Intelligent Lighting - A Case of Diminishing Returns? by Matthias Kassner, EnOcean (p 68) Read more »
May 04, 2018
LpR67_Full_529771.pdf
Commentary Blue Light Hazard - How Dangerous is SSL Lighting? by Dr. Thomas Attenberger, Instrument Systems (p 08) Tech-Talks Bregenz Ken Munro, Partner & Founder, Pen Test Partners compiled by Dr. Guenther Sejkora, LED professional (p 36) Research Automatic Panel Level Transient Thermal Tester by Prof. Gordon Elger et al., Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt (p 44) Roll-to-Roll UV Nanoimprint Lithography for Large-Area Nano- and Micro-Structuring of Flexible Substrates by Dr. Paul Hartmann et al., Joanneum Research Forschungsgesellschaft m.b.H (p 50) A New Approach for Manufacturing LED Advertising Boards Backlighting by Dr. Eveliina Juntunent al., VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (p 56) EVENTs Lighting Industry Quo Vadis - Impressions from Light + Building 2018 by Arno Grabher-Meyer, LED professional (p 62) Manufacturing A Manufacturing Revolution for the LED Lighting Industry by Paavo Käkelä, EID Tech (p 76) Technologies Integrating Lighting in the Internet of Things by B. Pronk & F. van Tuijl, Philips Lighting Research & Philips Lighting (p 80) LED Lighting Requires New Approaches in Optics by Marek Škereň, IQ Structures (p 88) Aeronautics Abrasion in Transparent Lens Materials for Exterior Aircraft Lighting by Adam Willsey, Kopp Glass (p 92) Read more »
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